Factors That Influence Household And Individual Food Consumption Economics Essay

Variables That Influence Household And Individual Food Consumption Economics Essay This paper recognizes the variables that impact the family unit and individual food utilization. Since food is the most significant thing of the utilization bushel, an investigation of the adjustments in food utilization design after some time has a unique essentialness which is the most significant part for low and center salary gatherings. Food use design is a brilliant marker of financial prosperity of individuals. Monetary Development isn't just achieves noteworthy changes in the financial and social existence of a habitant populace however it likewise impacts the degrees of living over the long haul. India, a quick creating and agrarian prevailing economy has been acquiring numerous progressions the financial existence of her populace since autonomy. Catchphrase - Expenditure, Consumption Patterns, Food Consumption and Household Consumer Expenditure, Factors influencing food utilization design. Presentation: The examination of changing food utilization design after some time would help in structuring proper approaches identified with food creation and appropriation .Increasing number of working ladies, ascend in per capita salary, changing ways of life and expanding level of luxuriousness in the center pay bunch have likewise achieved changes in food propensities. Fast urbanization and sociological changes like the craving with respect to the housewives to invest less energy in kitchen, the expanded an incentive for recreation, debilitating of family ties, expanded effect of TV and its ad just as changing ways of life of the families, have achieved the adjustments in food utilization design. Since food is the most significant thing of the utilization container, an investigation of the adjustments in food utilization design after some time has an extraordinary hugeness which is the most significant segment for low and center pay gatherings. Food consumption design is an astounding pointer of financial prosperity of individuals. On the off chance that the general public is well off proportionately high use will be made on optional necessities, comfort, extravagance items and obvious utilization. On the other, if the general public is at resource level, individuals will spend proportionately more on food. Engels law additionally expresses that the less fortunate the family, the more prominent is the extent of its all out pay gave to arrangement of food. Financial Development isn't just realizes huge changes in the financial and social existence of a habitant populace however it additionally impacts the degrees of living over the long haul. India, a quick creating and agrarian predominant economy has been getting numerous progressions the financial existence of her populace since autonomy. Because of varieties in normal assets enrichments; physical and climatic conditions; monetary components like pay, costs and the degree of charge; segment factors like family unit size and level of urbanization and social variables are probably going to impact utilization consumption design. Such different financial, segment and social elements are reflected in the imbalance in the appropriation of utilization use as it is uncovered by the national example review association information on utilization use in India. Food utilization has been a subject of research everywhere throughout the world. It is particularly significant in creating nations where food consumption represents a generally huge portion of family unit salary. Studies on food utilization shed light on food related dietary arrangements. They give assessments of how food utilization is influenced by change in costs, salary and tax collection arrangements ( Dune and Edkins 2005) The examinations on food utilization example or use design are significant as it is identified with neediness and standard of our general public. Food being the principal essential need gets the need in the consumption of individuals, particularly the poor classes. It is important to consider the adjustment in food utilization design under the changing circumstance of progression, privatization and globalization. After progression started in 1991, however much consideration has been paid to the decrease in head tally proportion, less need have been concurred to the extent and example of food utilization. Beam and Lancaster (2005) have as of late indicated that the connection had debilitated to the degree that the official neediness line in India today is very conflicted in relation to that dependent on the family least calorie necessities. This requires an examination on the size and pattern in food utilization, particularly oats, over the change time frame in India, considering their solid ramifications for food and sustenance protections. This investigation gives proof on the size and examples in food utilization status of both rustic and urban populace. There is a solid sign that improvement in the degrees of living probably won't have been disseminated well and certain pockets of the states may have stayed ruined despite their general development. While contemplates flourish on the utilization use among provincial and urban family units for different use classes at large scale level, not many investigations have been done at smaller scale level to clarify the rustic urban contrasts in the utilization design. Per capita pay and food utilization both are the pointers of human turn of events however food utilization is a superior marker of human government assistance. Indias quicker monetary development over 1990s has raised per capita salary (use) and has fundamentally affected its food utilization designs by causing an adjustment in the structure of food utilization designs watched before during pre-changes period. This raises the importance of taking a gander at the creation of Indias food utilization crate. Changes in the organization of food utilization consumption during the 1990s, including the move from grains to non-oat things against the foundation of a decrease in food use share, happened directly over the development range and raise the issue of the nourishing ramifications of food things especially during post-changes period. Reason: The motivation behind this investigation of the writing was to figure out which components impact family and individual food utilization. Writing Review: Various investigations have been made lately on the patterns of neediness, disparity and level of living in Indian states during the 1990s. Some have featured the decrease in neediness (Sundaram and Tendulkar 2003; Bhanumurthy and Mitra 2004), while some others have communicated anguish over the rising financial disparity (Deaton and Dreze, 2002; Sen and Himanshu, 2004; Krishna, 2004).There is a typical inclination that in spite of the fact that there has been some general improvement in the normal degrees of living of individuals over most of states, the individuals who were at that point on a superior balance could harvest the benefits of the monetary changes in the 90㠢â‚ ¬Ã¥ ¸s and experience quicker development, while there was no substantial improvement for the least fortunate few. Once more, the provincial - urban use hole, accepted to have augmented additional time, needs fastidious investigation. Campbell (1960) directed an overview and had given an examination between more seasoned people and more youthful people at indistinguishable salary level. More youthful individuals, at all pay level, spend more on attire, furniture and various things than more seasoned individuals however less on clinical consideration. David (1962) contemplates uncovered that the size of the family and recurrence of buying durables, sorts of solid bought and the replacement of durables for business administrations hampers the utilization example of families. Chatterjee (1962) on the premise on NSS utilization use information for rustic and urban regions and six zones has been assessed for flexibilities on consumptions on food. Gupta(1968) has analyzed the distinctions in by and large utilization designs in the province of UP and Tamil Nadu for the explanation of their known and particular monetary , social and social contrasts .The investigation has reasoned that there exist huge contrasts in purchaser consumption on different classes of thing in those states when all is said in done just as likewise among provincial and urban areas in every one of two states. Kwang (1972) had broke down the impact of salary just as other monetary and social segment attributes on families utilization consumption altogether among various gatherings. Chatterjee Bhattacharya(1972) have built records of shopper value differential between the rustic regions of various conditions of India with NSS eighteenth round information. Rao(1977), in her examination has attempted to recognize a few measures at improvement so as to distinguish in reverse districts and along these lines to look at the patterns in bury provincial and entomb sectoral differences in India. The examination by Sarkar(1983) in light of NSS customer consumption information for 13,16,21 28 rounds bolsters the speculation that degree of living and use design contrasts over the states. Kumar and Aggarwal (2004) decided the degree of destitution in Delhi ghettos through utilization examples, business and instructive status of the ghetto populace. Variables THAT INFLUENCE FOOD CONSUMPTION: Salary: Salary is a significant methods for augmenting the scope of utilization choices, particularly as economies around the globe become progressively adapted. Pay enables individuals to purchase various, nutritious nourishments as opposed to eating just their own harvests, to pay for mechanized vehicle as opposed to strolling, to pay for human services and instruction for their families, to pay for water from a tap as opposed to strolling for a long time to gather it from a well. The expanding reliance of much utilization on private pay implies that adjustments in salary impact changesâ · in utilization. At the point when livelihoods rise consistently utilization ascends for the greater part of the populace. Be that as it may, for a similar explanation, when livelihoods decay, utilization likewise falls pointedly, with annihilating ramifications for human prosperity. Segment Characteristics: The dem

China †the aims and effects of the one child policy Free Essays

An assortment of social strategies planned for controlling populace change have been set up far and wide. In any case, in this answer I will assess an exceptionally disputable case of an approach that expected to handle fast populace development by diminishing fruitfulness rate (otherwise called enemy of natalist) †China’s One-Child Policy. During the second 50% of the twentieth century, the Chinese government got worried about the populace development; this is mostly because of the way of thinking of the legislature under Chairman Mao, in the mid-twentieth century, which was that ‘a huge populace gives a solid nation’ thus the administration urged individuals to have an ever increasing number of kids. We will compose a custom exposition test on China †the points and impacts of the one youngster strategy or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now This therefore prompted an expansion in populace of 55 million consistently and a starvation in 1962 which caused about 30 million passings. This enormous development in populace constrained an approach change in 1974, so as to evade a Malthusian-type calamity later on (The hypothesis that populace expands more quickly than the food flexibly prompting starvation and, definitely, passing). It urged the nation to decrease the birth rate by the motto ‘wan-xi-shao’ which called for later relationships, longer holes among youngsters and less kids. In any case, this approach was not compelling enough, and the populace kept expanding and didn't follow the example of the DTM (segment progress model). This at that point drove the administration to present the one-youngster approach in 1979, which set severe cutoff points on the quantity of kids that a couple were permitted to have. So as to additionally implement this arrangement; solid compel was put on ladies to utilize contraceptives (for example prophylactic pills) which were all the more broadly accessible. Extraordinary family organizers and ‘granny police’ were acquainted all together with ensure that ladies were rehearsing contraception and were told to report any pregnancies. The administration additionally present motivators like; free medicinal services and training for one youngster and afterward fines for more than one kid. Additionally, more dubiously, implemented late premature births and cleansing got normal, which for the most part human rights extremist vigorously reprimanded and restricted. Be that as it may, the arrangement had negative consequences for the nation. Right off the bat, it prompted female child murder; where couples favored children, and infant young ladies were slaughtered so they could get another opportunity of getting a kid. This happened all the more frequently in country zones, where there was less control from the administration, and furthermore where customs were generally significant. This was fundamentally in light of the fact that male descendents were favored as they can carry on the family name from age to age. This male strength prompted an unevenness in male to female sex proportion, where the quantity of men far surpassed that of men. This at that point additionally brought down fruitfulness rates as there weren’t enough ladies ‘to go round’. Just as an awkwardness in the sex proportion, where was additionally an irregularity in the age proportion, as the strategy endlessly expanded the reliance proportion and the nation experienced a maturing populace. This was primarily due to the ‘4-2-1’ circumstance, which implied that ‘1’ youngster needed to care for their ‘2’ guardians and ‘4’ grandparents all simultaneously and due to the expanding future. The arrangement likewise prompted social ramifications on the youngster itself, for example, the spoilt ‘little emperor’ condition where the consideration of the family fell on one kid. It is likewise proposed that it negatively affected the child’s social abilities, as they grew up with no different kin, hence thought that it was more diligently to incorporate into society and prompted poor relational abilities. Notwithstanding, from 1990 onwards, the arrangement was marginally loose so as to battle a portion of the issues. For instance, lone youngster couples were permitted to have two kids, so as to calm some of reliance on the kids and furthermore on the grounds that they were worried about the financial ramifications of a maturing populace. Furthermore, the approach got more diligently to authorize for reasons, for example, the upheaval in worldwide correspondence and socialization, which opened up the nation to a lot more noteworthy social impact from the west. Be that as it may, in progressively remote pieces of the nation, the arrangement is as yet energized. For instance, the experts in Guangdong (state capital) request 20,000 premature births and sanitizations before the finish of 2001. In spite of the entirety of the negative ramifications, the decline in by and large populace development has had some constructive outcomes, for example, the positive financial development. This was for the most part because of the significant diminishing popular for assets to help the requirements of the populace, which thusly prompted a decrease in the pressure set upon the earth. There was likewise a drop in joblessness because of work excess and progressively dispensable being accessible because of less cash being spent on youngsters. All in all, I accept that the one-kid arrangement was an exceptionally merciless strategy that ignored the fundamental human privileges of individuals and that a progressively delicate methodology ought to have been taken. Nonetheless, there is no contention that populace the board was inescapable so as to keep up an elevated expectation of living, and that the one-youngster approach has maintained a strategic distance from a Malthusian-type catastrophe (for example starvation and war) and has better settled the number of inhabitants in China. This is on the grounds that 400 million births were forestalled and the yearly development rate had tumbled to 0.6% too. It is additionally evident that the approach is developing to improve things, as by 2006 the Chinese government moved towards a more wellbeing orientated strategy and invested in actualize worldwide understandings, advancing mother and kid government assistance. Step by step instructions to refer to China †the points and impacts of the one youngster arrangement, Papers

Are UK Universities Racist

Are UK Universities Racist The OE Blog The high-profile apology of disgraced LSE lecturer Dr Satoshi Kanazawa last week was the latest in a disturbing spate of incidences of racism at prestigious UK universities. With students complaining about racist lecturers and statistics showing shocking discrepancies in admissions data at some of our top universities, is racism a serious problem in UK higher education? Dr Kanazawa, a lecturer in the management department at LSE, was the author of a high-profile blog called ‘The Scientific Fundamentalist’ on the website Psychology Today. He became the subject of an internal enquiry at the university after a public outcry followed his publication of one blog discussing “why black women are far less attractive than white, Asian and Native American women”. A plethora of Kanazawa’s own students raised a vigorous protest after the appearance of the article, with student union officer Sherelle Davids declaring “as a black woman I feel his conclusions are a direct attack on black women everywhere.” Though the offending blog has now been removed, a brief perusal of the site suggests that Kanazawa’s students are likely to be left unsatisfied, as columns with titles like “Are all women essentially prostitutes?” have, amazingly, been allowed to remain. Racism in higher education hit the headlines twice this week, with another high-profile story centring on Nottingham University student Rizwaan Sabir, who was arrested by police and kept for seven days in solitary confinement after he downloaded a document on Al Qaeda training as part of the research for his counter-terrorism PhD. Sabir implied in an interview that his arrest came after the university reported his activities to the authorities, in spite of the fact that the document was available for download from his faculty website and was also for sale at major retailers like Blackwell’s and W H Smiths. He protested that he was arrested solely because he was a Muslim and because of his race. He claimed “I was arrested because I was brown skinned and had a beard and because I was most peoples’ stereotype of what a young terrorist looks like.” He suggested that racism and racist assumptions about his beliefs and motives essentially turned his academic degree into a horrifying experience of accusation and interrogation. It resulted in a false record of terrorism conviction that led to him being frequently stopped and scrutinised for some time afterwards when trying to travel abroad. Nottinghamshire Police have now agreed a compensation settlement of £20,000 in the case, but the implications for studen ts from ethnic minority backgrounds choosing whether to study at UK universities must be significant. On a more general scale, concerns about racism in admissions to UK higher education have existed for some time. A Freedom of Information request by MP David Lammy earlier this year resulted in the reluctant release of damning statistics regarding the percentage of students successfully gaining places at prestigious Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Oxbridge have long employed the defence that their high numbers of white, middle and upper class students result from the numbers of applications they receive from students of differing backgrounds, but this excuse was swept away by the evidence that emerged in April. Regardless of applicant figures, Lammy’s request compared the numbers of students applying with those who succeeded in being awarded a place, proving that a white student living in the UK had a one in three chance of success compared to a dramatically lower one in six chance for a black applicant. When the data was divided by college even starker divides appeared, with one Cambridge college (Newnham) presenting a 67% success rate for white applicants compared to a paltry 13% for black students. The divide was shown to exist professionally in higher education too, with the startling revelation that of more than one and a half thousand academic and lab staff at Cambridge University, not a single one was black at the time of the enquiry. Perhaps most strange of all was the revelation that at both Oxford and Cambridge Universities, when the information was arranged in order by college, it was the all-female colleges whose statistics showed by far the widest gap between admissions success for black and white applicants. Whilst the universities protested that the discrepancies between college-to-college data were too small to be statistically significant, the gulf in figures between the women’s colleges and the mixed colleges was far too great to be so simply swept under the carpet, but no explanation for this enormous inequality has yet emerged. With tuition fees set to soar to £9000 in 2012, elitism and narrow social profiles are likely to become a still greater problem at our top universities. For the sake of equal access to higher education, of social diversity and racial equality, it has never been more important for UK universities to wake up and correct this unacceptable bias. From the dismissal of academic staff making racist comments to the strict and invasive investigation of admissions procedures, no steps are too radical to right this ignored wrong. As MP David Lammy declared, “If Oxford and Cambridge are ashamed of these statistics, they are right to be”.

John Edwards Sermon, Damned If You Do, Damned If You...

In the eyes of God, we are all sinners. July 8, 1741, John Edwards preached to his congregation that no matter what we do, God would send us to hell unless we spill our blood on the cross. Edwards’s sermon was one of the most pivotal, volatile, and stirring sermons that set the standard for hellfire and brimstone sermons. Edwards’s describes all of us as sinners and how our lives lay perilously in god’s angry hands. To this day, we still have pastors preaching hellfire and brimstone sermons. While 272 years separate John Edwards from modern day pastors, we can still see the ever-lasting correlation that is derived from John Edwards in modern day pastors. Edwards describes hell as being the most horrific place and how no one is immune from†¦show more content†¦That question weighs on everyone’s mind. What do I do: stop drinking, stop having martial affairs, stop sitting at home watching the pregame football shows and go to church. From John Edwards ’s time to now, we all have different views on heaven, on hell, and sinning. But John Hagee says, â€Å"We must spill our blood on thy cross to be saved by Jesus Christ and almighty God (Hagee).† What the hell does that mean John Hagee? No matter what I do, no matter what I say. I’m still bound to the fiery wells of hell. I mine as well live my life to the fullest, drink and hang out with Jack Daniels, Johnny Walker, and Jose Cuervo, enjoy my time with my wife and kids, and watch football on Sundays. Why should I let fear have a hold on me? In the end, we all end up in some place weather its heaven or hell. Today’s pastors have the same format and the same connection that John Edwards’s had 272 years ago. Prime example is Pastor Charles Lawson preaching. Charles Lawson preaches with immense intensity to capture your soul. He yells at the top of his lungs, and raises his hand and tells his congregation, â€Å"You must embrace God or you will go to hell (Lawson).† Lawson brings up recent events such as deaths in the community. Just like Edwards brought up about your kin dying unexpectedly, Lawson brings up how any day could be your day of judgment. Bringing up recent events and unexpected death gives you since of connection with yourself and death. Do you want God to judge

Geologic And Geologic Investigation - 897 Words

Geologic Methods of Study Geology is a science that involves a great deal of scientific inquiry and reevaluation. Since Geology is a science that studies â€Å"planet Earth and other solid planetary objects, including their materials, processes, products, and history†(Reynolds G-7) there are a lot of studies in the field of geology that end up explaining things about Earth that help everyone live more resourcefully and comfortably. In order to explain those things, however, geologists must go through a rigorous and very repetitive process to find answers or even just hypotheses. This process involves identifying a mystery, breaking the mystery down into smaller questions, gathering data, analyzing the data, forming a hypothesis, and testing the hypothesis and most likely repeating. The first step in geologic inquiry is to identify an unsolved mystery in the study of geology. Just like any answer, there must be a question first. Geologists start their inquiry process with unexp lained questions. The mystery of why there are thick layers of salt on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea is a good example of a solvable mystery through the geologic inquiry process. Since the question of why there are thick salt layers on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea is a very broad question, it can be a little intimidating to approach. Because of this, scientists break down the solvable mystery question into smaller questions like ‘what type of salt are the layers comprised of’ or ‘what type ofShow MoreRelatedMount Baker in Bellingham, Washington Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesin recreational activities in the Pacific Northwest. Mount Baker is also a place to find amazing geological features. You will see later in the pictures of Mount Baker that I took that it is truly amazing. Geologic Setting Mount Baker is known for its beautiful sights and interesting geologic features. 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American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century Free Essays

American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century was a very important era in our country. Imperialism is the acquisition of control over the government and the economy of another nation; usually by conquest. The United States became an imperialistic world power in the late nineteenth century by gaining control over the Hawaiian Island and after the Spanish American War (1898), Guam, the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. We will write a custom essay sample on American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle Stoff, 2008) This policy was adopted to keep up with the world powers like Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and Russia. Compared to the European-style imperialism the possession by conquest American imperialism was said to be more pure because it was done without conquest; it was completed with exportation of products, ideas, and influence. As countries became dependant on industrialism they needed the foreign trade to bring in the capital. Companies within the country could purchase products but that only moved the capital from producer to purchaser within our own economy. Securing the interests of trade was not an easy task as there were five other world empires trying to complete the same goal. Americans preferred the more indirect approach to imperialism, free enterprise. It was a win-win approach for America, everyone stood to gain by the rapid and expanding social and economic networks that were going to be secured. Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that if the US was to be a great nation we needed to protect its interest in the foreign markets. He persuaded Congress to build a new Navy that consisted of large cruisers and battleships that were steam powered vessels made of steal. Congress agreed and the program to rebuild the Navy began in the 1880’s. The United States Navy was the third best in the world by 1900 and now had to means to become an imperial power and protect its vested interests. (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle, Stoff, 2008) The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867; the deal was negotiated by William H Seward the Secretary of State and an ardent expansionist who was committed to enhancing the nation’s trade and military standing. We established a presence in Samoa during the 1870’s and the importance of Hawaii was recognized in the early portion of the nineteenth century. By 1875 the US had complete control of Pearl Harbor. American Imperialism grew momentum during the Spanish-American War (1898). The war only lasted four months but it was a turning point for America as it resulted in the acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. (Gale Encyclopedia, 1999) In 1899 the Anti-Imperialist League was founded. The League was the largest lobbying organization through the nineteenth century; the purpose of this organization was to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines. Even though the League had popular members like Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, and Williams James they struggled with a consistent message. It was this inconsistency that hindered their efforts to win the support within the Republican Party. After the Treaty of Paris was approved by Congress the League’s strength declined. Many of the League activists were charged with treason, causing even more decline in the support of their political cause. The expansion into the Caribbean continued and in 1903 the United States instigated a Panama revolution. The United States immediately entered a treaty with Panama to build the Panama Canal. In 1904 President Roosevelt declared that the US reserved the right to intervene in the affairs of smaller western hemisphere nations should these smaller countries fails to meet their financial obligations to European creditors. This was the so-called â€Å"Roosevelt Corollary† to the Monroe Doctrine. Over the next several years this policy was applied in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Nicaragua. Overall, American Imperialism could have been more successful. In the end the interventions came to be expensive and more often caused bitterness and resentment with the affected countries. Since trade with the Far East did not grow like expected business sought to expand their markets within the Western Hemisphere. This required a different approach, one of good will and not tension. With this the Age of Imperialism as we knew it was over. In 1933 the United States formally renounced intervention to the world at an international conference in Uruguay. However after the 1959 revolution in Cuba the United States formulated a new round of international intervention by the Central Intelligence Agency in Cuba, Honduras, Chile, Nicaragua and numerous other foreign countries. (Gale Encyclopedia, 1999) How to cite American Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, Essay examples

The Male Hero free essay sample

An examination of the masculine depiction in American novels. An examination of the past American social and moral values with focus on the masculinity in the American context. The author analyzes these ideals with reference to the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O Conner and John Updike. The author examines the theme of the male hero in these writers novels and whether the male hero is successful at reinventing himself. While in some ways, the central characters in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find and John Updikes A P are similar, for we see in each of these stories men coming to terms with what it means to be masculine, what it means to be a man in a particular American context. The different historical settings of these three works guarantees that the characters are certainly not identical to each other. We will write a custom essay sample on The Male Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But we recognize in all three of them a particular kind of either literal or psychological coming of age that is linked to American social and moral values.

Biography of Architect Richard Rogers, Designer of 3 WTC

Biography of Architect Richard Rogers, Designer of 3 WTC British architect Richard Rogers (born July 23, 1933) has designed some of the most important buildings of the modern era. Beginning with the Parisian Centre Pompidou, his building designs have been characterized as being inside out, with facades that look more like working mechanical rooms. In 2007 he received architectures highest honor and became a Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming Lord Rogers of Riverside, but in the U.S. Rogers is best known for rebuilding Lower Manhattan after 9/11/01. His 3 World Trade Center was one of the last towers to be realized. Fast Facts: Richard Rogers Occupation: British ArchitectBorn: July 23, 1933 in Florence, ItalyEducation: Yale UniversityKey Accomplishments: Centre Pompidou with Renzo Piano; Three World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan; 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize Early Life Born in Florence, Italy to an English father and Italian mother, Richard Rogers was raised and educated in Britain. His father studied medicine and hoped that Richard would pursue a career in dentistry. Richards mother was interested in modern design and encouraged her sons interest in the visual arts. A cousin, Ernesto Rogers, was one of Italys prominent architects. In his Prizker acceptance speech, Rogers noted that it was Florence where my parents instilled in my brother Peter and me a love of beauty, a sense of order, and the importance of civic responsibility. As war broke out in Europe, the Rogers family moved back to England in 1938 where young Richard attended public schools. He was dyslexic and did not do well. Rogers had a run-in with the law, entered the National Service, became inspired by the work of his relative, Ernesto Rogers, and ultimately decided to enter Londons Architectural Association school. Later he moved to the U.S. to pursue a masters degree in architecture at Yale University on a Fulbright Scholarship. There he developed relationships that would last a lifetime. Partnerships After Yale, Rogers worked for Skidmore, Owings Merrill (SOM) in the U.S. When he finally returned to England, he formed Team 4 architectural practice with Norman Foster, Fosters wife Wendy Cheeseman, and Rogers wife Su Brumwell. By 1967, the couples had split to form their own firms. In 1971 Rogers entered a partnership with the Italian architect Renzo Piano. Although the partnership dissolved in 1978, both architects became world famous with their work in Paris France - the Centre Pompidou, completed in 1977. Rogers and Piano had invented a new type of architecture, where the mechanics of a building were not simply transparent but showcased as part of the facade. It was a different kind of postmodern architecture that many began to call high-tech and inside-out architecture. Exterior of Centre Pompidou. Richard T. Nowitz/Getty Images Rogers chose good partners, although it was Renzo Piano and not Rogers who in 1998 would win the first Pritzker Prize and then Norman Foster won in 1999. Rogers won in 2007, and the Pritzker Jury was still talking about Pompidou, saying it revolutionized museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city. After Pompidou, the team split and the Richard Rogers Partnership was established 1978, which eventually became Rogers Stirk Harbour Partners in 2007. Personal Life Rogers married Susan (Su) Brumwell before they both went off to study at Yale University - he studied architecture and she studied town planning. She was the daughter of Marcus Brumwell who headed the Design Research Unit (DRU), a moving force in British design. The couple had three children and divorced in the 1970s, during the work on Centre Pompidou. Shortly after, Rogers married the former Ruth Elias of Woodstock, New York and Providence, Rhode Island. Called Ruthie, Lady Rogers is a well-known chef in Britain. The couple had two children. All of Richard Rogers children are sons. Famous Quote Architecture is too complex to be solved by any one person. Collaboration lies at the heart of all my work. Legacy Like all great architects, Richard Rogers is a collaborator. He partners not only with people but also with new technologies, the environment, and the societies in which we all live. He was an eary champion of energy efficiency and sustainability in a profession that came late to taking responsibility in protecting the environment. His fascination with technology is not merely for artistic effect, cites the Pritzker Jury, but more importantly, it is a clear echo of a buildings program and a means to make architecture more productive for those it serves. Inside Lloyds of London. Sean Batten/Getty Images (cropped) After the success of the Centre Pompidou in the 1970s, Rogers next huge project was the Lloyds of London building completed in 1986. The Pritzker Jury cited it as another landmark of late twentieth century design and that it established Richard Rogers’ reputation as a master not only of the large urban building, but also of his own brand of architectural expressionism. In the 1990s Rogers tried his hand at tensile architecture and created Londons temporary Millennium Dome, which is still being used as the O2 arena center of entertainment in Southeast London. The Rogers Partnership has designed buildings and cities all over the world - from Japan to Spain, Shanghai to Berlin, and Sydney to New York. In the U.S. he was part of the redevelopment of Lower Manhattan after the terrorist attacks of 9/11 - Tower 3 at 175 Greenwich Street is a Rogers design, completed in 2018. Rogers legacy is as the responsible architect, the professional who considers the workplace, the building site, and the world we share. He was the first architect to deliver the prestigious Reitch Lecture in 1995. In Sustainable City: Cities for a Small Planet he lectured the world: Other societies have faced extinction - some, like the Easter Islanders of the Pacific, the Harappa civilization of the Indus Valley, the Teotihuacan in pre-Columbian America, due to ecological disasters of their own making. Historically, societies unable to solve their environmental crises have either migrated or become extinct. The vital difference today is that the scale of our crisis is no longer regional but global: it involves all of humanity and the entire planet. The Leadenhall Building, London, UK. Oli Scarff/Getty Images

Clever inventions. The possibilities of the mind

Clever inventions. The possibilities of the mind Useful inventions of all time If asked about the biggest invention of our time, people would probably name the Internet. It allows us to connect with friends around the world and establish connections we never knew existed. You want to talk to your favorite celebrity or find out what has been going on in Eastern Asia? - Google will help you! A hundred years ago, we could not imagine the luxury of interacting with people miles away from us. The credit goes to Lawrence Roberts, the inventor of the first Internet prototype. However, apart from the global communication system, what can we name as the greatest invention? You may argue about the usefulness of this or that device, but we can assure you they have all made a fair contribution to our routine. Where would the mankind be, if it was not for the phone or text messages we are used to exchanging whenever we want to share information? On top of that, we should include some of the things that were necessary for the development of the human race: The wheel. The wheel is truly one of the inventions of the humankind, the value of which cannot be overlooked today. The concept of the first wheel was developed in 3500 B.C., and it was a blessing for everyone. People had massive problems with transporting goods and moving them from one town to another, so we guess this discovery was by far one of the most expected in the history of human civilization. These days, wheels are used everywhere, and the history we know was shaped with the help of this tool. The compass. Do you remember Captain Jack’s compass that showed the thing you wanted most? Well, magic aside, sailors used to navigate by the stars. Suffice to say, it was not a very safe methodic, as it forced them to skip their craft on cloudy evenings or in the daytime. Before the invention of the first compass, captains were bound to obey the mere changes of the weather, and had to wait until the sky was clear again. The situation changed, however, when the compass we know today was invented. The secret to successful navigating is the magnetized needle, which points north. The printing press. As we know, very few people had access to books back in the Middle Ages. The printing press appeared as a revolutionary device and changed the way we perceive printing today. Johannes Gutenberg decided to alter the course of history by inventing a special machine, which pressed ink to the paper so that the paint remained on the surface for long. This is another invention that led to the development of the human race, the importance of which cannot be overstated. The printing devices we have today allow us to immerse in the world of literature and become educated individuals through reading. The telephone. The invention of this device presents a series of experiments, which all led to failure. Many scientists struggled to build an electronic device, which would allow people to communicate via wires. However, electronic transmission did not seem possible until Alexander Graham Bell took the initiative in his hands. He invented the phone in 1876, and was awarded a patent for his discovery that led to revolutionizing the world of communication. He had a lot of successors, who tried to improve the said gadget, and fortunately, phones as we know them today allow to transmit electronic signals at long distances. The light bulb. It is hard to imagine our daily lives without this device. Electricity was in poor state when Thomas Edison decided he would change the face of the world we know. Of course, we cannot attribute this success to his personality alone, as many people played a significant role in inventing the light bulb, but generally, the credit belongs to Edison. Prior to this, we depended on natural lightning and the light of the candles. That was romantic, in some ways, and uncomfortable as well, as people had to work during the day and finish their chores before the sun went down. Now, we can sit up all night and be sure the lightning is bright and comfortable, thanks to the invention that Thomas Edison proudly patented. Penicillin. The story behind the invention of Penicillin is awesome. In 1928 there was a Scottish scientist named Alexander Fleming, who conducted a series of experiments in his private laboratory. During one of the experiments, he left a lid on a dish with bacteria opened. Later, he discovered that bacteria were dead as the dish became contaminated with mold. Later, Fleming found out that the mold was called fungus Penicillium, and it was cleared and purified by scientists to turn it into a strong medication, which changed the course of science and was a big history turn in the first half of the 20th century.

Middle Ages Magic Activities from Religious Point of View Assignment

Middle Ages Magic Activities from Religious Point of View - Assignment Example The Church did not approve of theories that contradicted the official doctrine of the Church. This is because their view of human knowledge is based on a concept of an all-knowing God and a revelation of absolute truth through the scriptures and through the Pope and the senior leaders of the Church. There was no room for theories that were based on principles outside this rather strict set of rules. The whole issue of whether the earth is the center of the universe, for example, was seen as a theological dogma, not a theory or scientific view, and these issues have the potential to cause the whole foundation of Christian belief to crumble if they are challenged and found to be false. That is why the Church resisted any other views. There seems to have been in Medieval times quite a bit of experimentation with these forbidden arts, just as today people read horoscopes, go to see fortune tellers, and have lucky objects at the same time as holding broadly orthodox beliefs in one of the main religions. Old pagan beliefs linger on in symbolic ways, as for example in the Christmas trees, Harvest Thanksgiving services and Easter eggs that we have in Western culture, even though these are symbolic of pagan festivals (Jolly, 2000, p. 1). In this, there is not so much difference between medieval and modern society. The issue of predetermined events and the prediction of human behavior was a very thorny one because it goes to the heart of the Christian doctrine of salvation. It matters a lot, for example, whether a person has free will or not, and whether they freely choose to do good or evil deeds, or whether they are just puppets being manipulated by fate or some demon or other. Christians have a strong sense of being morally responsible for their actions, and relying on God alone, and so many other forces that get in between a man or woman and their god were seen as a bit threat.  

Orgninzational behaviour Leadership paper Research

Orgninzational behaviour Leadership - Research Paper Example I will use my motivational skills to extract the best from them to prove my competency. I will use my full intelligence and innovativeness to make each employee contribute the best to the company, happily. I will use my responsibility as a leader to make life easier for the people working under me and make them achieve new heights in their career at the same time. To be a leader is to be responsible. To be responsible for our own life and all others following us is no easy task. As an IT project manager in the banking sector and the only female to occupy the position in my team, I look forward to a bright future. My aim is to serve as a leader capable of creating a difference. I hope to put my business management skills to their best use and explore versatile fields in the future ending up as a project manager in a couple of years. I constantly keep updating my educational qualifications and developing my interpersonal skills to do the same effectively. There are so many things emplo yees expect from their leaders. Honesty and transparency are the basic foundation of good leadership. Competence and empathy are the best adornments for any leader. A caring leader not capable of inspiring the team to achieve the target will be of little use to the company as well as the employees. Similarly, a demanding one who does not care about his follower’s situation cannot create a trustworthy team. ... Being an example of what you want your followers to be is the first step towards successful leadership. The second step is motivating them or luring them with the benefits of being competent and perfect. The third step is to help them achieve the same by eliminating any problems they have. The main challenge is to win the trust of the employees and manage time effectively. So many followers doubt the leaders who take extra care with them. It is the leader's duty to make them understand their well being is as important as achieving target. Managing time to set everybody's problem right might be an issue at first. But, it can be managed easily with the help of the other team members. The very fact that the leader is caring more will extract more sincerity from the employee’s side, making them solve their problems themselves. The main impact a woman leader creates in a work place in general is a surprise. One female leadership inspires many more women to come up successfully in t heir career rather than get satisfied with the position they are currently in. There is a general belief that good deeds go unrewarded and only power can help gain respect and influence. Proving power can be used to help people in productive ways is the major fact I wish to establish. There are several tools to do the same. Intelligence, empathy and competence are the most important of all. Any grim situation can be turned into a favourable one if a person is calm and creative enough to analyze the pitfall in it. Good leadership can simply make or break an organization. There are five practices necessary for exemplary leadership which can transform any worst team into star performers. They are communication, honesty and integrity, creativity and innovation and

Organizational behaviour theories

Organizational behaviour theories 1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to discuss the statement â€Å"organizational behaviour theories and concepts are only useful for managers† with real world examples supporting the discussion. Organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizational behaviour (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do in organizational settings. For managers and, realistically, all employees, this knowledge helps predict, understand and control organizational events. Organizational behaviour is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organisations effectiveness (Robbins, Millett, Marsh, 2004). Though there is still considerable debate as to the components or topics of the area of OB, there appears to be general accord that OB includes the core topics of motivation, leader behaviour and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and process, learning, attitude development and perception, emotions, change processes, conflicts, work design work stress. To sum up OB is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how that behaviour affects the performance of the organization. To achieve the purpose the essence of this essay strives to analyze the controversial and complex theories and concepts of organisational behaviour to discuss those theories and concepts useful for everyone or only managers of an organisation. 2.0 Role of the Manager 2.1. Who is a Manager? A manager is someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals. The changing nature of organizations and work has altered the role of managers. 2.2. What do Managers Do Describing what managers do isnt an easy or simple task! Just as no two organizations are alike, no two managers jobs are alike. A managers job can be described from various perspectives: functions, roles, essential skills, systems, and contingencies. Each approach provides a different perspective on the managers job. Management is the process of coordinating work activities so theyre completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Effectiveness is concerned with completing activities so that organizational goals are attained. Efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done and effectiveness is concerned with the ends. The process of management refers to the idea that management consists of a set of ongoing decisions and actions in which managers engage as they plan, organize, lead, and control. Planning involves defining an organizations goals and establishing strategies and plans to achieve those goals. Organizing includes designing a structure to carry out the plans. Leading involves motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams, communicating effectively, and dealing with employee behaviour issues. Finally, controlling includes monitoring, comparing, and correcting the organizations performance. Henry Mintzberg concluded that managers perform 10 different roles or behaviours. He classified them into three sets. One set is concerned with interpersonal relationships (figurehead, leader, liaison). The second set is related to the transfer of information (monitor, disseminator, spokesperson). The third set deals with decision making (entre-preneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator). Robert Katz identified three skills managers need: technical, human, and conceptual. He showed that the relative importance of these skills varied according to the management level within the organization. The systems perspective can be used to describe what a manager does because organizations are open systems with interrelated and interdependent parts. Within this system, managers coordinate the various work activities so that the organization can meet its goals. The reality of work is that manager will either manage or be managed, and there are rewards and challenges in being a manager. 3.0 Organisational behaviour theories and concepts There are several crucial reasons why companies should utilize the concepts and theories of OB, as well as understand the key terms that are associated with organizational behaviour. One of the most important and broad-based challenges facing organizations today is adapting to diverse work environments. Organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. For example, several key terms that must also be understood organizational culture, diversity, communication, organizational effectiveness and efficiency, organizational learning. 3.1. Attitudes Attitudes are evaluative statements either favourable or unfavourable concerning objects, people, or events. They reflect how an individual feels about something. When a person says, I like my job, he or she is expressing an attitude about work. The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance:Cognitive dissonance theory sought to explain the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. Cognitive dissonance is any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behaviour and attitudes. The theory argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will try to reduce the dissonance and, thus, the discomfort. In other words, individuals seek stability with a minimum of dissonance. Self-Perception Theory: People decide on their own attitudes and feelings from watching themselves behave in various situations. (Straker, c Syque 2002-2009) Usefulness of Attitudes Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Effective managers need to understand behaviours and attitudes of employees. Therefore knowing above theories Managers can pressure to reduce the dissonance when employees recognize that the dissonance is externally imposed and uncontrollable. The pressure is also decreased if rewards are significant enough to offset the dissonance. So the manager may point to external forces such as competitors, customers, or other factors when explaining the need to perform some work activity about which workers may have some dissonance. Or the manager can provide rewards that workers desire in order to decrease their attempts to get rid of the dissonance. Another implication for managers is that there is relatively strong proof that committed and satisfied employees have low rates of turnover and absenteeism. Knowing that managers would like to keep resignations and absences down, mostly among their most productive employees. Managers can do those things by generating positive job attitudes. Measuring employee satisfaction through attitude surveys can alert managers to any significant changes. The manager who knows about the above theories can reduce absenteeism and turnover by using those theories and concepts. Employees who know attitude theories and concepts try to reduce dissonance and decide on their attitudes and feelings which lead them to the successful job performance. Then furthermore successful job performance should lead to feelings of accomplishment, increased pay, promotions, and other rewards, all desirable outcomes that then lead to job satisfaction of employees. 3.2. Personality The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others, measurable traits a person exhibits. There are dozens of personality traits could use; for instance, aggressive, shy, ambitious, loyal, and lazy. The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions: The big-five personality traits are; Extraversion: The degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, and assertive. Agreeableness: The degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. Conscientiousness: The degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented. Emotional stability: The degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic, and secure (positive) or tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). Openness to experience: The degree to which someone is imaginative, artistically sensitive, and intellectual. Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland): Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. The six basic personality types of work environments are; Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional. Usefulness of Personality Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. For managers the major value in understanding personality differences probably lies in employee selection. Managers are likely to have higher performing and more satisfied employees if consideration is given to matching personalities with jobs. The best-documented personality job fit theory has been developed by psychologist John Holland. His theory states that an employees satisfaction with his or her job, as well as his or her likelihood of leaving that job, depends on the degree to which the individuals personality matches the occupational environment. Furthermore it illustrates satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when personality and occupation are compatible. Therefore its valuable for managers to know about personality theories and concepts. Also being a successful manager and accomplishing goals means working well together with others both inside and outside the organization. In order to work effectively together, managers need to understand each other. This understanding comes, at least in part, from recognizing the ways in which people differ from each other that is, from an appreciation of personality traits. In addition, there are other benefits to a managers understanding of personality. By recognizing that people approach problem solving, decision making, and job interactions differently, a manager can better understand why, for instance, an employee is uncomfortable with making quick decisions or why another employee insists on gathering as much information as possible before addressing a problem. Or, for instance, managers can expect that individuals with an external locus of control may be less satisfied with their jobs than internals and also that they may be less willing to accept responsibility for their actions. People who choose to work in an environment similar to their personality type are more likely to be successful and satisfied. For that reason knowing personality theories and concepts person can select a job that fit for him or her. For example, Artistic persons are more likely to be successful and satisfied if they choose a job that has an Artistic environment, like choosing to be a dance teacher in a dancing school an environment dominated by Artistic type people where creative abilities and expression are highly valued. Moreover knowing those theories help employees to work with their office mates/staff with an understanding. 3.3. Learning Learning occurs all the time as we continuously learn from our experiences. It can define as any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. Classical conditioning: A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. Operant conditioning: Operant conditioning argues that behaviour is a function of its consequences. People learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want. Operant behaviour describes voluntary or learned behaviour in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behaviour. The tendency to repeat learned behaviour is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement that happens as a result of the behaviour. Social-learning theory: Individuals also can learn by observing what happens to other people and just by being told about something as well as by direct experiences. So, for example, much of what we have learned comes from watching others (models)—parents, teachers, peers, television and movie actors, managers, and so forth. This view that we can learn both through observation and direct experience is called social learning theory. Shaping behaviour theory: Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response. Usefulness of Learning Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Employees are going to learn on the job. The only issue is whether managers are going to manage their learning through the rewards they allocate and the examples they set or allow it to occur unsystematically. If marginal employees are rewarded with pay raises and promotions, they will have little reason to change their behaviour. In fact, productive employees, seeing that marginal performance gets rewarded, might change their behaviour. According to it managers can use learning theories and concepts to motivate employees to do thing as wanted. 3.4. Perception Decision Making Perception is a process by which individuals give meaning to their environment by organizing and interpreting their sensory impressions. Attribution Theory: Attribution theory was developed to explain how we judge people differently depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behaviour. Basically, the theory suggests that when we observe an individuals behaviour, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviours are those that are believed to be under the personal control of the individual. Externally caused behaviour results from outside factors; that is, the person is forced into the behaviour by the situation. That determination, however, depends on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Decision making is an integral function of management. Decision making involves selecting or choosing a particular course of action from among the various alternatives available in the decision making situation. Rational Decision-Making Model: A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximise some outcome. Step 1. Define the Problem Step 2. Identify the Decision Criteria Step 3. Weight the Criteria Step 4. Generate Alternatives Step 5. Rate Each Alternative on Each Criteria Step 6. Compute Optimal Decision Usefulness of Perception Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Managers need to recognize that their employees react to perceptions, not to reality. So whether a managers appraisal of an employee is actually objective and unbiased or whether the organizations wage levels are among the highest in the community is less relevant than what employees perceive them to be. Employees organize and interpret what they see, so there is always the potential for perceptual distortion. The message to managers should be clear: Pay close attention to how employees perceive both their jobs and management actions. Since the valuable employee who quits because of an inaccurate perception is just as great a loss to an organization as the valuable employee who quits for a valid reason. In addition, job satisfaction also influences organizational behavior, primarily through perceptions of fairness. That means â€Å"If employees dont feel that their supervisors or the organizations procedures or pay policies are fair, their job satisfaction is likely to suffer significantly. However, when employees perceive organizational processes and outcomes to be fair, trust is developed. And when employees trust their employer, theyre more willing to voluntarily engage in behaviors that go beyond the formal job requirements†. Usefulness of Decision Making Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Studies show that managers may spend up to 70 percent of their time in group meetings. Undoubtedly, a large portion of that time is spent formulating problems, developing solutions, and determining how to implement the solutions.Therefore it proved knowing decision making theories and concepts is useful for as individually managers. It helps to make decisions in order to gain maximum productivity. 3.5. Motivation Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. In todays world motivation is seen as being best achieved by a combination of elements within the organization that combine to produce it: needs; job design; satisfaction. There are many theories of motivation that have emerged in organizational behaviour literature. Early Theories of Motivation Hierarchy of needs theory: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (often represented as a pyramid with five levels of needs) is a motivational theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a hierarchy. Maslows Hierarchy of needs (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2009) Individuals cant move to the next higher level until all needs at the current level are satisfied. So they have to move up the hierarchy in order. Theory X Y: Very simply, Theory X presents an essentially negative view of people and Theory Y offers a positive view. Two-factor theory: motivation-hygiene theory proposes that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction and motivation, whereas extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction. McClellands Theory of Needs: McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by ones early life experiences. Theory focuses onpeople havingthree fundamental needs that exist in different degrees, one being a stronger preference:- The need for achievement The need for affiliation The need for power (authority) A persons motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs because they have different level of needs in each of these areas. (Edwards, 2009.) Goal setting Theory: Conscious goals affect action. A goal is the object or aim of an action. For example -: to attain a specific standard of proficiency, usually within a specified time limit. As industrial-organizational psychologists, our primary interest has been to predict, explain, and influence performance on organizational or work-related tasks. Thus, we focused on the relationship between conscious performance goals and level of task performance rather than on discrete intentions to take specific actions. Reinforcement Theory: In contrast to goal-setting theory, reinforcement theory says that behaviour is a function of its consequences. Goal-setting theory proposes that an individuals purpose directs his or her behaviour. Reinforcement theory argues that behaviour is externally caused. What controls behaviour are reinforcers, consequences that, when given immediately following a behaviour, increase the probability that the behaviour will be repeated. The key to reinforcement theory is that it ignores factors such as goals, expectations, and needs. Instead, it focuses solely on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action. Expectancy Theory: Expectancy theory states that an individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. It includes three variables or relationships Equity Theory: This is a process theory that focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others. The 4 most common ways to reduce a perceived inequity are to, Change inputs. Change outcomes. Distort perceptions. Leave the job. Usefulness of Motivation Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Managers can recognize individual differences by using above theories as almost every contemporary motivation theory recognizes that employees arent identical. They have different needs, attitudes, personality, and other important individual variables. Also managers can match people to jobs. Theres a great deal of evidence showing the motivational benefits of carefully matching people to jobs. For example, high achievers should have jobs that allow them to participate in setting moderately challenging goals and that involve autonomy and feedback. Also keep in mind that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in autonomy, variety, and responsibility. Employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcer for one may not for another. Managers should use their knowledge about theories and concepts of motivation to motivate employee using different reward systems. Ex-: Individualize the rewards they control, such as pay, promotions, recognition, desirable work assignments, autonomy, and participation. Link rewards to performance. Allocation of performance-based wage increases Piecework bonuses Pay incentives is important in determining employee motivation. So as mentioned above managers can induce employees to achieve organizational goals through knowledge of motivational theories and concepts 3.6. Leadership The aspect of leadership is perhaps one of the most influential elements in organizational behavior. This is because the leaders are expected to direct the company in such a way as to maximize corporate objectives while minimizing costs. Leadership is a special case of interpersonal influence that gets an individual or group to do what the leader wants done (Wood, Wallance, Zeffane, Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2001). Trait Theories: Trait theories are more traditional and focus on the personal traits of leaders from those of followers. Six traits associated with effective leadership included; ambition and energy the desire to lead honesty and integrity self-confidence intelligence job relevant knowledge Traits alone were not sufficient for explaining effective leadership. Explanations based solely on traits ignored the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors. Possessing the appropriate traits only made it more likely that an individual would be an effective leader. Behavioural Theories: Behavioral therapists take a different approach. Behavioralists try to determine the types of leadership behaviors that have produced a higher level of work performance. There are four main leader behaviour studies we need to look at. Managerial Grid Concern for people: measured leaders concern for subordinates on a scale of 1 to 9 (low to high) Concern for production: measured leaders concern for getting job done on a scale of 1 to 9 (low to high) Contingency Theory: In this section we examine five contingency theories. Each looks at defining leadership style and the situation and attempts to answer the if-then contingencies (i.e., if this is my situation, then this is the best leadership style for me to use) The Fiedler Model the Fiedler contingency model proposed that effective group performance depended on the proper match between the leaders style of interacting with his or her followers and the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control and influence. The model was based on the premise that a certain leadership style would be most effective in different types of situations. The key was to define those leadership styles and the different types of situations and then to identify the appropriate combinations of style and situation. Fiedler proposed that a key factor in leadership success was an individuals basic leadership style. He further suggested that a persons style was one of two types: task oriented or relationship oriented. To measure a leaders style, Fiedler developed the least-preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire. This questionnaire contained 16 pairs of contrasting adjectives. After an individuals basic leadership style had been assessed through the LPC, it was necessary to evaluate the situation in order to match the leader with the situation. Fiedlers research uncovered three contingency dimensions that defined the key situational factors for determining leader effectiveness. These were: Leader-member relations: the degree of confidence, trust, and respect employees had for their leader; rated as either good or poor Task structure: the degree to which job assignments were formalized and procedurized; rated as either high or low Position power: the degree of influence a leader had over power-based activities such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases; rated as either strong or weak Each leadership situation was evaluated in terms of these three contingency variables. Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership Theory focuses on followers readiness. SLT says if followers are; Telling (high task-low relationship): The leader defines roles and tells people what, how, when, and where to do various tasks. Selling (high task-high relationship): The leader provides both directive and supportive behavior. Participating (low task-high relationship): The leader and follower share in decision making; the main role of the leader is facilitating and communicating. Delegating (low task-low relationship): The leader provides little direction or support. Leader Participation Model related leadership behaviour and participation in decision making. The model argued that leader behaviour must adjust to reflect the task structure whether it was routine, nonroutine, or anywhere in between. Leadership Styles in the Vroom Leader Participation Model are; Decide: Leader makes the decision alone and either announces or sells it to group. Consult Individually: Leader presents the problem to group members individually, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision. Consult Group: Leader presents the probelm to group members in a meeting, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision. Facilitate: Leader presents the problem to the group in a meeting and, acting as facilitator, defines the problem and the boundaries within which a decision must be made. Delegate: Leader permits the group to make the decision within prescribed limits. Path-Goal Model which states that its the leaders job to assist his or her followers in attaining their goals and to provide the direction or support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. House identified four leadership behaviors: Directive leader: lets subordinates know whats expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance on how to accomplish tasks Supportive leader: is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers Participative leader: consults with group members and uses their suggestions before making a decision Achievement-oriented leader: sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level Path goal theory Leader-Member Exchange Theory indicates that leaders develop special relationships with trusted followers. Usefulness of Leadership Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. Leadership may not always be important but the aspect of leadership is conceivably one of the most influential elements in organizational behavior. This is because the leaders are expected to direct the company in such a way as to maximize corporate objectives while minimizing costs. In perhaps more than any other area of organizational behavior the leadership aspect is a combination of learning theories, power, personality, performance appraisal and motivation. This is because leadership is the process whereby an individual must gain the voluntary participation of subordinates with the goal of attaining corporate objectives. Thus, a leaders personality and sense of power will influence this process. Further, motivation is a key aspect of leadership because goal will not be attained if subordinates are not properly motivated to achieve them and performance appraisal is a key element in this process. Without adequate feedback that is quantifiable, leaders will not be able to assess em ployee performance reliably or measure progress in attaining corporate objectives. So its important to have knowledge of leadership concepts and theories to both employees and managers to achieve organizational goals. 3.7. Groups A group is defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular goals. Groups can either be formal or informal. Formal groups are work groups established by the organization that have designated work assignments and specific tasks. In formal groups, appropriate behaviours are established by and directed toward organizational goals. Five stage Group Development Model Forming stage: The first stage in group development characterised by much uncertainty. Storming stage: The second stage in group development characterised by intra-group conflict. Norming stage: The third stage in group development, characterised by close relationships and cohesiveness. Performing stage: The fourth stage development, when the group is fully functional. Adjourning stage: The final stage in group development for temporary groups characterised by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. Group Behaviour Model Group behaviour emanates from the causes that contribute to the groups effectiveness. Usefulness of Group Theories Concepts for Managers and Employees. The group task is a whole and meaningful piece of work, with a visible outcome. According to

Piano Industry, Prp

Porter Five Forces: The piano industry. Threat of substitute products or services: LOW A portable keyboard can be regarded as a substitute but those interested in buying a piano are interested in superior sound, better performance, good looks and elegance. The keyboard has none of these. It is complicated to sell a piano and move it in order to put a keyboard. Threat of new competition: MEDIUM-LOW The capital investment in a piano factory is very high. The market already is filled with competitors that dominate the global market. Brand recognition is also a hard asset to aquire in the piano industry. Pianos are a luxury product that could make an entrant suffer a lot in the even of an economic downturn. Other local Chinese piano manufacturers could potentially become significant competition. Bargaining power of customers: HIGH A piano is a high end product with many different brand offerings. Customers have a large bargaining power driving the margins down. PRP has made this clear by driving prices down by offering a good product at a better price. Bargaining power of suppliers: LOW The suppliers hold no proprietary materials that the piano makers require. Most of the materials are commodity products such as wood and those that are more developed like keys are becoming easier to manufacture in house due to the drop in ease and cost of the machinery required to do so. Intensity of competitive rivalry: HIGH The entrance of companies such as PRP is evidence of the incredibly competitive market the piano industry is. New drastic tactics and strategies like sponsored players that can only use their products in their performances or manufacturing outside their usual territories into asian sites also shows the competitive nature of the business.

Definition and Examples of Transformations in Grammar

Should Marijuana Be Legal - 1230 Words

Keith Macalino 12/1/14 ENC 1102 Stringer Cannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical and industrial benefits that the United States government should take advantage of. Marijuana comes from the plant Cannabis. Cannabis is a type of flowering plant and is categorized by three different species: Cannabis Sativa, Cannabis Indica and Cannabis Ruderalis. Cannabis Sativa and Indica produce most of the dried leaves that we known as Marijuana. Cannabis Ruderalis also has Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive element in marijuana (also known as THC), but is much lower in concent ration so it is rarely ever used recreationally. Cannabis has been used for hemp, seeds and oil among its medical and recreational uses. Hemp is used for many practical functions and is found in many everyday products. Some uses of hemp include paper, paint, oil, food, rope, and is also used in textiles for clothing. The remarkable thing about hemp is its unmatched growth cycle. The uses for hemp are numerous but its 120-day growth cycle makes it one ofShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. Marijuana should be legal, because it is harmless, and it is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases. - Marijuana should be legal due to its variety of health benefits - Marijuana is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases - Marijuana legalization would help boost the economy Thesis Statement: Why shouldn’t marijuana be legal due to its variety of health benefits, its effectiveness for combating manyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?864 Words   |  4 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana has been a hot topic of conversation over the last few years, as some states in America have legalized it medically and recreationally. By discussing the legal aspect of marijuana, the economic benefits, medical usage and how marij uana affects the family, we can see the positive and negative impact that marijuana has on sociology. Except for a few select states, marijuana usage, sale and distribution of marijuana is in some manner illegal. As a result, there is immense legal considerationsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1610 Words   |  7 PagesSince the very first day marijuana began dominating our country over 30 years ago, federal control of the drug has been the topic of an continuing arguments. Marijuana is a crushed up blend of dried out herbs, seeds and stems of the plant cannabis. Most people inhale it in the shape of cigarettes for pleasure and relief. Should marijuana be made legal? Advocates of the drug argue that there are multiple medical advantages and that tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful for us than the drug itselfRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhos is, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. ThisRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific effects of marijuana on pregnancy women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes and are more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise effects of marijuana on pregnant women and fetus (Leemaqz, 2016.). Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United State (Murray McKinney, 2014). According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 40- 60% of marijuana users continue to use Should Marijuana Be Legal - 1230 Words Medical marijuana is legal in more than half of the states, but is still not legal at the federal level. Marijuana is classified as a Schedule 1 substance under the Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (Ingraham, 2016). This means that marijuana could potentially be abused and that it has no recognized medical purpose. Possession of marijuana is a federal crime subjecting one to fines or even prison time. However, states have still managed to legalize this drug both recreationally and medically, so there is a clear conflict between federal laws which criminalize marijuana related activities while states protect marijuana possession and use. Despite the federal law, individuals using medical marijuana are unlikely to face issues from†¦show more content†¦Her seizures first started at just three months old and she was hospitalized repeatedly, but the doctors could not diagnose her. Her seizures began to worsen as she started to get older, and she was prescribed seven medi cations that would work for short periods of time until the seizures started coming back. Eventually, at the age of two, Charlotte was diagnosed with Dravet syndrome. Dravet syndrome is a type of epilepsy where the seizures can not be controlled by medicine. Charlotte was having 300 grand mal seizures a week and had lost the ability to talk, walk and eat (Young, 2013). After many failed attempts of new medications, the Figi’s decided to try medical marijuana when she was five years old. First they had to find two doctors to sign off on a medical marijuana card, and then find a dispensary which offered a small dosage of R4 (a type of marijuana) which was low in THC and high in CBD. Charlotte took her first dose of this drug and the seizures stopped for seven days. Medical marijuana was the only drug that reduced Charlotte’s seizures. Today she gets a dose of the CBD twice a day in her food, and the results have been incredible. Her seizures have been reduced from 300 grand mal seizures a week to about two a month (Young, 2013). She is walking and talking more everyday. The marijuana strain that Charlotte and now many other patients use to help with their symptoms of the disease has been named after her. Just when CharlottesShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. Marijuana should be legal, because it is harmless, and it is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases. - Marijuana should be legal due to its variety of health benefits - Marijuana is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases - Marijuana legalization would help boost the economy Thesis Statement: Why shouldn’t marijuana be legal due to its variety of health benefits, its effectiveness for combating manyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?864 Words   |  4 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana has been a hot topic of conversation over the last few years, as some states in America have legalized it medically and recreationally. By discussing the legal aspect of marijuana, the economic benefits, medical usage and how marij uana affects the family, we can see the positive and negative impact that marijuana has on sociology. Except for a few select states, marijuana usage, sale and distribution of marijuana is in some manner illegal. As a result, there is immense legal considerationsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1610 Words   |  7 PagesSince the very first day marijuana began dominating our country over 30 years ago, federal control of the drug has been the topic of an continuing arguments. Marijuana is a crushed up blend of dried out herbs, seeds and stems of the plant cannabis. Most people inhale it in the shape of cigarettes for pleasure and relief. Should marijuana be made legal? Advocates of the drug argue that there are multiple medical advantages and that tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful for us than the drug itselfRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhos is, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. This